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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00303_Text_ref26t.txt
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1997-02-04
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It seems that little if
anything is perceived without
attention under these
conditions. In cases in which
the unexpected object is
consciously perceived in our
experiments it is probably
perceived because attention is
attracted to it. Certain kinds of
objectsΓÇöΓÇôfor example those that
seem to have some strong
personal significance or signal
character, such as oneΓÇÖs own
name or a smiling faceΓÇöΓÇôdo
seem to draw the subjectΓÇÖs
attention and thus become
conscious. But most objects,
even a red circle that is roughly
one centimeter in diameter
presented at the center of the
computer screen (the very place
where the subject is looking),
apparently and surprisingly do
not usually attract attention, at
least in our experiments, and
are thus generally not
consciously perceived. They do
not seem to attract attention
because under these
experimental conditions
subjects are inhibiting or
suppressing anything presented
at fixation. There are good
reasons for supposing that the
objects are often detected and
processed unconsciously,
however. For example, if a word
is presented as the unexpected
item at the fixation point and
is not consciously perceived,
the subjects show indirect
behavioral evidence of having
perceived it at some level. After
not consciously seeing a
presented target word (say,
"flake"), subjects who were
asked to say the first word that
comes to mind when presented
with only the first three letters
(e.g., FLA) tend to complete it as
the word just flashed (which
had not been consciously
identified), even though that is
not a typical completion of the
stem for other people. This
combination of results suggests
that attention is a prerequisite
for conscious perception and,
in our experimental method,
that objects will only be
perceived if they succeed in
attracting attention. However,
under certain conditions,
much that is not attended and
does not reach conscious
awareness does register in the
brain and is even processed to
the level of meaning. The
results have driven us to these
startling conclusions, which
we certainly would not have
believed at the outset of our
research.